Assisted Reproduction and Cross-Border Maternal Surrogacy Regulations in Selected Nations
Raywat Deonandan *
Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Andreea Bente
Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Aims: To ascertain the laws and policies of selected high income countries, with respect to the disposition of their citizens seeking assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) internationally.
Study Design: Literature review.
Methodology: PubMed, Scopus and Google of various ART terms with terms relating to regulations in the selected nations of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK, the USA, and Israel.
Results: All nations except the USA have a federal ART regulatory presence, distinguish between gestational and traditional surrogacy, and between paid and unpaid surrogacy. Policies concerning the repatriation of children produced by ART abroad vary widely.
Conclusions: Heterogeneous regulations are one of the drivers of the global reproductive tourism industry. Domestic regulations are likely affected by both the values of a specific population and the needs of the industry.
Keywords: ART, IVF, law, reproductive tourism, adoption, repatriation; PGD, surrogacy.