Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Irum Perveen *
Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
Abdul Majid
Department of Internal Medicine, Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
Sobia Knawal
Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
Iffat Naz
Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
Shama Sehar
Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
Safia Ahmed
Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
Muhammad Asam Raza
Department of Chemistry, Hafiz hayat Campus, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) are the important nosocomial infectious agents. There is a growing concern about the rapid rise in the resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to presently available antimicrobial agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence rate of MRSA and MRCoNS and their rate of resistance to different antistaphylococcal antibiotics used broadly for treatment. Out of the total 350 staphylococcal isolates from different clinical specimens 148 isolates (60.40%) were identified as MRSA by oxacillin screen agar method, and 46 isolates (43.80%) were screened as MRCoNS. All the MRSA and MRCoNS isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance pattern by disc diffusion method for 16 different antibiotics. All the isolates of MRSA and MRCoNS were multi-drug resistant. Antibiotic resistance pattern of these isolates was high against penicillin. All the MRSA strains were resistant to penicillin and oxacillin (100%), followed by cephalothin and nalidixic acid (89.18%), cotrimoxazole (86.48%), erythromycin (85.81%), cephalaxin and cephradine (83.10%), levofloxacin (80.40%), imipenem (77.70%), gentamicin (76.35%), tetracycline (59.45%), ciprofloxacin (44.59%), chloramphenicol (18.24%) and rifampicin (10.13%). The MRCoNS strains also showed closely similar drug resistance pattern with 97.82% isolates being resistant to penicillin, followed by oxacillin (95.65%), cephalothin (86.95%), cephradine (82.60%), levofloxacin and nalidixic acid (80.43%), erythromycin, cephalaxin and imipenem (78.26%), cotrimoxazole (73.91%), gentamicin (69.56%), ciprofloxacin and tetracycline (63.04%), chloramphenicol (13.04%) and rifampicin (6.52%). However, all the MRSA and MRCoNS isolates, even those with very high oxacillin MIC (>130 µg/ml) were uniformly susceptible to vancomycin. Chloramphenicol and rifampicin also showed excellent activity against methicillin-resistant isolates. Overall, data presented in this study indicated a slightly higher methicillin resistant rate in MRSA compared to MRCoNS strains. Multi-drug resistance rates in our MRSA and MRCoNS isolates were, 58.10 and 32.60%, respectively. Application of ß-lactamase production method revealed that 84% of MRSA and 87% of MRCoNS strains tested positive for the ß-lactamase production. This study indicated a high level prevalence of MRSA and MRCoNS strains resistance against widely used antimicrobial agents. An appropriate knowledge on the current antibiotic susceptibility pattern of MRSA and MRCoNS is essential for appropriate therapeutic regime determination.
Keywords: MRSA, MRCoNS, multidrug resistance, prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility, MIC.