Photobiomodulation Mitigates Oxidative Stress Induced by Bothrops jararacussu Venom in C2C12 Myoblast Cells
Maíra de Souza Aranha Brauner
Postgraduate Program in Medicine-biophotonics, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil.
Luciana Miato Gonçalves Silva
Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), SP, Brazil.
Sara Cristina Ferreira Freitas
Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), SP, Brazil.
Katia de Angelis
Laboratório de Cardiovascular, UNIPESQ, Universidade de Santo Amaro, São Paulo, SP, Brasil and Translational Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Nove de Julho – São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Rodrigo Labat Marcos
Postgraduate Program in Medicine-biophotonics, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil.
Ana Paula Ligeiro Oliveira
Postgraduate Program in Medicine-biophotonics, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil.
José Antônio Silva Junior
Postgraduate Program in Medicine-biophotonics, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil and Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), SP, Brazil.
Stella Regina Zamuner *
Postgraduate Program in Medicine-biophotonics, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil and Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), SP, Brazil.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Myonecrosis is a significant complication of Bothropic envenoming, and standard antivenom treatment is ineffective in mitigating local tissue damage. Photobiomodulation has demonstrated potential in reducing the local effects induced by Bothrops snakebite envenoming, though the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of photobiomodulation on oxidative stress in C2C12 myoblast cells exposed to Bothrops jararacussu venom. Cells were incubated with venom (12.5 μg/mL) and immediately irradiated with lasers at wavelength of red 660 nm (red) and 780nm (infrared), with energy densities of 4 and 5 J/cm2, respectively. Key indicators of venom-induced oxidative stress were analyzed, including nitric oxide (NO) levels, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production, antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase [SOD] and glutathione peroxidase [GPx]), and lipid peroxidation (TBARS). Results showed that PBM significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and lipid peroxidation while enhancing SOD activity. These findings suggest that PBM provides cellular protection, at least in part, by mitigating oxidative stress.
Keywords: Bothops venom, Bothrops jararacuss, low level laser, oxidative stress, photobiomodulation