The Role of Gut Microbiome in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Emerging Treatment Strategies
Raphael Ijeokwu *
American University of Barbados, School of Medicine, Barbados.
Simran Goraya
Kharkiv National Medical University (KhNMU), Ukraine.
Hassan Muhammed Ul Haq
Jinnah Sindh Medical University (SMC), Pakistan.
Rufus Okocha
American University of Barbados, School of Medicine, Barbados.
Roshan Goswami
American University of Antigua College of Medicine, Antigua & Barbuda.
Elijah Oluwasegun Ayoigbala Adetunji
Kharkiv National Medical University (KhNMU), Ukraine.
Mohammed Nawazuddin
Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, India.
Oghenerukevwe Faith Ohwodo
American University of Barbados, School of Medicine, Barbados.
Shazia Noreen Durrani
Faisalabad Medical University (FMU), Pakistan.
Ayesha Taqi
Dow Medical College, Pakistan.
Ademilua Oluwatobi Iyanuoluwa
All Saints University School of Medicine, Dominica.
Andeebia Ayub Khan
Foundation University Medical College, Pakistan.
Olasumbo Elizabeth Fagbenle
Windsor University School of Medicine, St. Kitts.
Ogochi Blessing Chukwuneke
Federal Polytechnic, Nigeria.
Patrick Batti
American University of Antigua College of Medicine, Antigua & Barbuda.
Jovita Echere
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, USA.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. It is distinguished by repetitive behaviors, trouble in social interaction, and difficulty in communication. Recent research has demonstrated a strong association between gut microbiota and ASD. The purpose of this review is to highlight the relationship between the gut microbiome and autism spectrum disorder and how variations in the gut microbiome lead to severe psychological and autistic symptoms. We conducted a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, reviewing experimental and epidemiological studies from the last decade (2013-2023). Google Scholar and PubMed were used for data collection. This review includes a total of 37 studies from the past decade. Our findings revealed that individuals with ASD often had variations in their gut microbiome composition, and these distinct compositions are associated with behavioral symptoms and many gastrointestinal (GI) problems. The connection between the gut and the brain has demonstrated promising potential. These connections help scientists to come up with new interventions and potential treatments. By using microbiota transfer therapy (MTT), probiotics, and manipulating the gut microbiome through exclusive diets, there is a possibility that we can positively impact ASD patients' social and GI problems. In conclusion, further studies are essential to explore specific gut microbiota and their mechanisms linking the gut and brain. Such research could lead to better treatment opportunities and improve the quality of life for people with autism spectrum disorder.
Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder, gut microbiota, gut-brain axis, microbiota transfer therapy, probiotics, gastrointestinal symptoms, microbiome manipulation