Unraveling the Complex Interplay: COVID-19 and Heart Failure: A Comprehensive Review
Dharani Swarna Deiveegan
K.A.P. Viswanatham Government Medical College, affiliated to the Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, India.
Atinder Singh
Wcmsrh, Pt. BD Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, India.
Muhammad Ilyas Shazi
Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia.
Wajeeh Ur Rehman
Saidu Group of Teaching Hospital, Pakistan.
Muhammad Rizwan Akram
Bronxcare Health System, Bronx, New York, USA.
Saliha Tauqeer
Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Pakistan.
Darshankumar Raval
Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville Florida, USA.
Ruqiya Bibi
Jinnah Hospital Lahore/Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan.
Muhammad Subhan *
Department of Internal Medicine (Gastroenterology), Jinnah Hospital Lahore/Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan.
Advaith Manoharasetty
Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The association between COVID-19 and heart failure (HF) presents multifaceted challenges and implications for clinical management. This comprehensive review explores the epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic associations between COVID-19 and HF, emphasizing the bidirectional impact of these conditions on patient outcomes. COVID-19 can precipitate or exacerbate HF through myocardial injury, inflammation, thrombosis, and immune dysregulation, while pre-existing HF increases the severity and complications of COVID-19. Diagnostic challenges arise from overlapping symptoms and the need to differentiate between COVID-19-related lung pathology and HF manifestations. Understanding the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, including ACE2 dysregulation, cytokine release syndrome, and hypercoagulability, is crucial for optimizing management strategies. Early identification, multidisciplinary collaboration, personalized treatment, and patient education are essential to managing COVID-19 and HF. Insights from this review inform clinical practice, highlighting the importance of tailored interventions and ongoing research to mitigate the impact of these complex interactions on patient outcomes and public health initiatives.
Keywords: Heart failure, COVID-19, myocardial injury, societal norms, historical context, health risk