The Efficacy of Tramadol Combined with A Donor of NO, Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) Mixture on Cytokines, NF-KB Expression and Oxıdative Stress Marker in the Rat Model of Formalin-Induced Inflammation
Selda Sen *
Anesthesiology and Reanimation Department, Adnan Menderes University, Medical Faculty, Aydın, Turkey.
Firuzan Kacar Doger
Pathology Department, Adnan Menderes University, Medical Faculty, Aydın, Turkey.
Mustafa Ogurlu
Anesthesiology and Reanimation Department, Adnan Menderes University, Medical Faculty, Aydın, Turkey.
Osman N Aydın
Anesthesiology and Reanimation /Algology Department, Adnan Menderes University, Medical Faculty, Aydın, Turkey.
Zerrin Akcal
Anesthesiology and Reanimation Department, Adnan Menderes University, Medical Faculty, Aydın, Turkey.
Serdar Sen
Thoracic surgery Department, Adnan Menderes University, Medical Faculty, Aydın, Turkey.
Aslıhan Karul
Biochemistry Department, Adnan Menderes University, Medical Faculty, Aydın, Turkey.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
In addition to well-known analgesic action of tramadol, its potential antinflammatory effects have not been thoroughly evaluated. On the other hand, effectiveness of antioxidants is also reported against inflammation. It is known that glyceryl trinitrate, as a nitric oxide donor, enhance the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, the efficacy of the tramadol mixtue with glyceryl trinitrate on cytokines, NF-kappa B expression and oxidative stress marker was examined on the formalin-induced inflammation in rats (Tramadol 5, 10 and 30 mg/kg + nitroglycerine 1 mg/kg). Cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10) and oxidative/anti-oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH) were measured in blood samples. NF-kappa B expression was assessed immunohistochemically in spleen and thymus.
The results show that tramadol 30 mg/kg has both anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. Additionally, it was evidenced that glyceryl trinitrate improves the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of Tramadol (30 mg/kg) on the formalin-induced inflammation in rats. In this framework, the present study provides a unique approach for the analysis of the efficacy of tramadol and additive effects of glyceryl trinitrate on the acute inflammations in rats.
Keywords: Tramadol, nitroglycerin, anti-inflammatory effect, anti-oxidative effect, NF-kappa B