Prescription Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs: Pattern and Nephrotoxicity
Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research,
Page 414-426
DOI:
10.9734/jammr/2022/v34i2031511
Abstract
Background: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are very common “over-the-counter” commonly abused drugs used in treating fever, pain and inflammatory conditions. They inhibit prostaglandins and can cause kidney disease and hypertension, particularly in stressed states like dehydration and exercises.
Objectives: To access prescription pattern and effects of common NSAIDs on the kidneys.
Methods: One hundred frequent NSAIDs users (daily use > 4 weeks) and 100 healthy controls, who had no known risk factor for kidney disease and gave consent were recruited. Blood samples for serum electrolytes, urea and creatinine, haemoglobin concentration and urine samples for dip strip, and 24 hour protein were collected and analysed.
Results: The mean age of the controls, all NSAIDs users, NSAIDs users without kidney dysfunction (KD) and NSAIDs users with KD were 46.04 + 14.21 years, 46.5 + 14.2 years, 41.84 years + 14.52 yrs and 63.04 + 4.21 years respectively, P=0.03. The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was significantly lower in frequent NSAIDs users than controls, P<0.001. Ibuprofen was the most nephrotoxic and, nephrotoxicity was positively related to combination therapy (P<0.001) and duration of use (P=0.03). Herbal medicines significantly increased the risk of KD, P=0.01. Predictors of KD were advancing age, longer duration of NSAIDs use, Ibuprofen use and combined NSAIDs.
Conclusion: Frequent NSAIDs use, common in Orthopaedic units, could be complicated by kidney dysfunction. Ibuprofen, followed by ketoprofen, was the most nephrotoxic. Observed risk factors for NSAIDs induced nephrotoxicity included advancing age, herbal remedies, Ibuprofen and combination therapy.
Keywords:
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- frequent-users
- nephrotoxicity
How to Cite
UduagbamenP. K., SoyinkaF. O., Adebola-YusufA. O., ThompsonM. U., AhmedS. I., AlaladeB. A., BocoN. O., BinuyoT. O., & OyioguG. C. (2022). Prescription Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs: Pattern and Nephrotoxicity. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 34(20), 414-426. https://doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2022/v34i2031511
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Agaba EI, Agaba PA, Wigwe CM. Use and abuse of analgesic in Nigeria. Niger J Med. 2004;13(4):379-82. PMID 15523865.
Modig S, Elmståhl S. Kidney function and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among elderly people: a cross-sectional study on potential hazards for an at risk population. Int J Clin Pharm. 2018;40(4):870-7.
DOI: 10.1007/s11096-018-0598-8, PMID 29460083.
Ritter J, Lewis L, Mant T, Ferro A. Analgesics and the control of pain. In: A textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and therapeutics. 5th ed Imprint CRC Press. eBook ISBN9780429167294.
Uduagbamen PK, Salako BL, Hamzat MA, Kadiri S, Arogundade FA. Kidney Function in Frequent Users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Open J Intern Med. 2020;10(1):69-82.
DOI: 10.4236/ojim.2020.101007.
Paulose-Ram R, Hirsch R, Dillon C, Gu Q. Frequent monthly use of selected non-prescription and prescription non-narcotic analgesics among U.S. Adults. Pharmacolepidemiol Drug S Afr. 2005;14(4):257-66.
DOI: 10.1002/pds.983, PMID 15386703•.
Sanya EO, Kolo PM, Makusidi MA. A survey on doctors’ knowledge and attitude of treating chronic pain in three tertiary hospitals in Nigeria. Niger Med J. 2014;55(2):106-10.
DOI: 10.4103/0300-1652.129635, PMID 24791041.
Hamzat TK, Ajala AO. Interaction between antihypertensives and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: implication in management of osteoarthritis and opinion on a compromise therapy. Internet J Med Update. 2010;5(1):42-7.
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Patino FG, Olivieri J, Allison JJ, Mikuls TR, Moreland L, Kovac SH et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity monitoring and safety practices. J Rheumatol. 2003;30(12):2680-8. PMID 14719213.
Zhao Y, Boudreau DM, Freedman AN. Trends in the use of aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the general U.S. population. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2013;23(1):43-50.
Chang YK, Liu JS, Hsu YH, Tarng DC, Hsu CC. Increased risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring chronic dialysis is associated with use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): nationwide case crossover study. Med (Baltim). 2015;94(38):e1362.
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Martínez S, Aguiló A, Moreno C, Lozano L, Tauler P. Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among participants in a mountain ultramarathon event. Sports (Basel). 2017;5(1): pii: E11.
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Morley JE. Dehydration, hypernatremia, and hyponatremia. Clin Geriatr Med. 2015;31(3):389-99.
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Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF, 3rd, Feldman HI, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604-12.
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KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int practice guidelines. 2021;99(3):S1-S87.
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Uduagbamen PK, Oyelese AT, Alalade BA, Ogunkoya JO, Adesuyi YO, Timothy OR. Anemia of chronic kidney disease: pattern, prevalence and clinical correlates. A Single Center cross sectional Study in South western Nigeria.
Hunter LJ, Wood DM, Dargan PI. The patterns of toxicity and management of acute nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) overdose. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:39-48.
DOI: 10.2147/OAEM.S22795, PMID 27147851.
Lamb EJ, MacKenzie F, Stevens PE. How should proteinuria be detected and measured? Ann Clin Biochem. 2009; 46(3):205-17.
DOI: 10.1258/acb.2009.009007, PMID 19389884.
Medina-Rosas J, Gladman DD, Su J, Sabapathy A, Urowitz MB, Touma Z. Utility of untimed single urine protein/creatinine ratio as a substitute for 24-h proteinuria for assessment of proteinuria in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:296.
DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0808-x, PMID 26497948.
Uduagbamen PK, Hamzat MA, Ehioghae O. The Urine in Kidney Function Assessment among Nigerians in Health and with Frequent Use of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. RJHS 2020; 8(4): 225-233
Zheng L, Du X. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hypertension. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2014;69(2):209- 11.
DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9791-5, PMID 24242190.
Schwarz A, Krause PH, Kunzendrof V, Keller F, Distler A. The outcome of acute interestial nephritis: risk factors for the transition from acute to chronic interstistial nephritis. Clin Nephrol. 2000;54:179-90.
Livio F, Biollaz J, Burnier M. Renal function estimation by MDRD equation: interest and limitations for drug dosing. Rev Med Suisse. 2008 Nov 26;4(181):2596-600. PMID 19066149.
Uduagbamen PK, Oyelese AT, Adebola Yusuf AO, Salami OF, Nwinee CM, Ogunmola MI, et al. The pattern of eosinophil count among Nigerians with frequent use of the commonly available non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Int J Clin Med. 2020;11(10):605-17.
DOI: 10.4236/ijcm.2020.1110051.
Han Y, Balkrishnan R, Hirth RA, Hutton DW, He K, Steffick DE, et al. Assessment of prescription analgesic use in older adults with and without chronic kidney disease and outcomes. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(9):e2016839. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16839, PMID 32997126.
De Broe ME, Elseviers MM. Over-the-counter analgesic use. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(10):2098-103.
DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2008101097, PMID 19423685.
Ulasi I. Gender bias in access to healthcare in Nigeria: a study of endstage renal disease. Trop Doct. 2008;38(1):50- 2.
DOI: 10.1258/td.2007.060160, PMID 18302871.
Chu T. Gender difference in pharmacokinetics. US Pharmacokinet. 2014;39(9):40-3.
Franconi F, Campesi I. Pharmacogenomics, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: interaction with biological differences between men and women. Br J Pharmacol. 2014; 171(3): 580-594.
DOI: 10.1111/bph.12362
Kovesdy CP, Furth SL, Zoccali C, World Kidney Day Steering Committee. Obesity and kidney disease hidden consequences of the epidemic. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2017;4:2054358117698669.
DOI: 10.1177/2054358117698669, PMID 28540059.
Hoy WE, Bertram JF, Hughson MD. Nephron hypertrophy and glomerulosclerosis in normal donor kidneys. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(11):1832-4.
DOI: 10.2215/CJN.08680814, PMID 25318755.
Vallon V, Thomson SC. Renal function in diabetic disease models: the tubular system in the pathophysiology of the diabetic kidney. Annu Rev Physiol. 2012;74:351-75.
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-020911-153333, PMID 22335797.
Pirkle JL, Freedman BI. Hypertension and chronic kidney disease: controversies in pathogenesis and treatment. Minerva Urol Nefrol. 2013;65(1):37-50. PMID 23538309.
Musemwa N, Gadegbeku CA. Hypertension in African Americans. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2017;19(12):129.
DOI: 10.1007/s11886-017-0933-z, PMID 29081008.
Maraboto C, Ferdinand KC. Update on hypertension in African-Americans. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;63(1):33-9.
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2019.12.002, PMID 31825799.
Firestein GSM, Budd RC, Gabriel RC, Mclnnes IB, O’Dell JR. Prostanoid biology and its therapeutic targeting. In: Crofford LJ kelly’s Textbbook of rheumatology. Philadelphia: Saunders. 2013;871-893. 9.
Jayasinghe K, White SM, Kerr PG, MacGregor D, Stark Z, Wilkins E et al. Isolated proteinuria due to CUBN homozygous mutation – challenging the investigative paradigm. BMC Nephrol. 2019;20(1):330.
DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1474-z, PMID 31438875.
Jiang L, Xu L, Song Y, Jianzhong L, Mao J, Zhao AZ et al. Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II/cAMP response element-binding protein/Wint/β-Cantenin signalling cascade regulates angiotensin II-induced podocytes injury and albuminuria. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(32):23368- 79.
Amira CO, Sokunbi DOB, Dolapo D, Sokunbi A. Prevalence of obesity, overweight and proteinuria in an urban community in South West Nigeria. Nig J. 2011;52(2):110-113143.
Mérida E, Praga M. NSAIDs and nephrotic syndrome. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019;14(9):1280-2.
DOI: 10.2215/CJN.08090719, PMID 31416889.
Vega J, Goecke H, Méndez GP, Guarda FJ. Nephrotic syndrome and acute tubular necrosis Due to meloxicam Use. Ren Fail. 2012;34(10):1344-7.
DOI: 10.3109/0886022X.2012.718953, PMID 22963504.
Ghosh R, Alajbegovic A, Gomes AV. NSAIDs and cardiovascular disease: Role of reactive oxygen species. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:536962.
DOI: 10.1155/2015/536962, PMID 26457127.
Mikolasevic I, Žutelija M, Mavrinac V, Orlic L. Dyslipidemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: etiology and management. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2017 Feb 7;10:35-45.
DOI: 10.2147/IJNRD.S101808, PMID 28223836.
Goldstein JL, Chan FKL, Lanas A, Wilcox CM, Peura D, Sands GH et al. Haemoglobin decrease in NSAIDs users over time: an analysis of two large outcome trials. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34(7):808-16.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04790.x, PMID 21810115.
Laras H, Haddoum F, Baghdali FY, Gagi N, Koceir EHA, Bitam A. Prevalence of malnutrition and absolute and functional iron deficiency anemia in nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis Algerian patients. Nephrol Ther. 2022; S1769;7255(22):00082- 7.
DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2022.03.001, PMID 35644772.
Uduagbamen PK, AdebolaYusuf AO, Ahmed SI, Thompson MU, Alalade BA, Ogunmola MI et al. Gender differences in chronic kidney disease. Findings from a two center study in Nigeria. Arch Pharm Pract. 2022;13(2):69-77.
DOI: 10.51847/EOLTIdNXtq.
Uduagbamen PK. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the kidneys in health and the risk of progression to kidney disease: A mini review. Clin Nephrol Res. 2021;5(5):1-3.
Hörl WH. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the kidneys. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2010;3(7):2291-321.
DOI: 10.3390/ph3072291, PMID 27713354.
Liu AC, Chang Y, Zuckerman JE, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Ghobry LM, Hanna RM. Ibuprofen-associated minimal change disease and acute interstitial nephritis with possibly linked membranous glomerulonephritis. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2021;9:2050313X211025145.
DOI: 10.1177/2050313X211025145, PMID 34221404.
DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.03.023, PMID 32479922.
Agaba EI, Agaba PA, Wigwe CM. Use and abuse of analgesic in Nigeria. Niger J Med. 2004;13(4):379-82. PMID 15523865.
Modig S, Elmståhl S. Kidney function and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among elderly people: a cross-sectional study on potential hazards for an at risk population. Int J Clin Pharm. 2018;40(4):870-7.
DOI: 10.1007/s11096-018-0598-8, PMID 29460083.
Ritter J, Lewis L, Mant T, Ferro A. Analgesics and the control of pain. In: A textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and therapeutics. 5th ed Imprint CRC Press. eBook ISBN9780429167294.
Uduagbamen PK, Salako BL, Hamzat MA, Kadiri S, Arogundade FA. Kidney Function in Frequent Users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Open J Intern Med. 2020;10(1):69-82.
DOI: 10.4236/ojim.2020.101007.
Paulose-Ram R, Hirsch R, Dillon C, Gu Q. Frequent monthly use of selected non-prescription and prescription non-narcotic analgesics among U.S. Adults. Pharmacolepidemiol Drug S Afr. 2005;14(4):257-66.
DOI: 10.1002/pds.983, PMID 15386703•.
Sanya EO, Kolo PM, Makusidi MA. A survey on doctors’ knowledge and attitude of treating chronic pain in three tertiary hospitals in Nigeria. Niger Med J. 2014;55(2):106-10.
DOI: 10.4103/0300-1652.129635, PMID 24791041.
Hamzat TK, Ajala AO. Interaction between antihypertensives and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: implication in management of osteoarthritis and opinion on a compromise therapy. Internet J Med Update. 2010;5(1):42-7.
DOI: 10.4314/ijmu.v5i1.49293.
Patino FG, Olivieri J, Allison JJ, Mikuls TR, Moreland L, Kovac SH et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity monitoring and safety practices. J Rheumatol. 2003;30(12):2680-8. PMID 14719213.
Zhao Y, Boudreau DM, Freedman AN. Trends in the use of aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the general U.S. population. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2013;23(1):43-50.
Chang YK, Liu JS, Hsu YH, Tarng DC, Hsu CC. Increased risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring chronic dialysis is associated with use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): nationwide case crossover study. Med (Baltim). 2015;94(38):e1362.
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000001362, PMID 26402800.
Martínez S, Aguiló A, Moreno C, Lozano L, Tauler P. Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among participants in a mountain ultramarathon event. Sports (Basel). 2017;5(1): pii: E11.
DOI: 10.3390/sports5010011, PMID 29910371.
Smith JH, Robinson S, Pearcy M. Renal response to heat, dehydration and exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1952;4(8):659-65.
DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1952.4.8.659, PMID 14907583.
Morley JE. Dehydration, hypernatremia, and hyponatremia. Clin Geriatr Med. 2015;31(3):389-99.
DOI:10.1016/j.cger.2015.04.007, PMID 26195098.
Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF, 3rd, Feldman HI, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604-12.
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006, PMID 19414839.
KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int practice guidelines. 2021;99(3):S1-S87.
Lee YB, Lee JS, Hong SH, Kim JA, Roh E, Yoo HJ, et al. Optimal blood pressure for patients with chronic kidney disease: a nationwide population-based cohort study [sci rep]. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1538.
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81328-y, PMID 33452422.
Pippitt K, Li M, Gurgle HE. Diabetes mellitus: screening and diagnosis. Am Fam Phys. 2016;93(2):103-9. PMID 26926406.
Cascio MJ, DeLoughery TG. Anemia: evaluation and diagnostic tests. Med Clin North Am. 2017;101(2):263-84.
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2016.09.003, PMID 28189170.
Uduagbamen PK, Oyelese AT, Alalade BA, Ogunkoya JO, Adesuyi YO, Timothy OR. Anemia of chronic kidney disease: pattern, prevalence and clinical correlates. A Single Center cross sectional Study in South western Nigeria.
Hunter LJ, Wood DM, Dargan PI. The patterns of toxicity and management of acute nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) overdose. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011;3:39-48.
DOI: 10.2147/OAEM.S22795, PMID 27147851.
Lamb EJ, MacKenzie F, Stevens PE. How should proteinuria be detected and measured? Ann Clin Biochem. 2009; 46(3):205-17.
DOI: 10.1258/acb.2009.009007, PMID 19389884.
Medina-Rosas J, Gladman DD, Su J, Sabapathy A, Urowitz MB, Touma Z. Utility of untimed single urine protein/creatinine ratio as a substitute for 24-h proteinuria for assessment of proteinuria in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:296.
DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0808-x, PMID 26497948.
Uduagbamen PK, Hamzat MA, Ehioghae O. The Urine in Kidney Function Assessment among Nigerians in Health and with Frequent Use of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. RJHS 2020; 8(4): 225-233
Zheng L, Du X. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hypertension. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2014;69(2):209- 11.
DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9791-5, PMID 24242190.
Schwarz A, Krause PH, Kunzendrof V, Keller F, Distler A. The outcome of acute interestial nephritis: risk factors for the transition from acute to chronic interstistial nephritis. Clin Nephrol. 2000;54:179-90.
Livio F, Biollaz J, Burnier M. Renal function estimation by MDRD equation: interest and limitations for drug dosing. Rev Med Suisse. 2008 Nov 26;4(181):2596-600. PMID 19066149.
Uduagbamen PK, Oyelese AT, Adebola Yusuf AO, Salami OF, Nwinee CM, Ogunmola MI, et al. The pattern of eosinophil count among Nigerians with frequent use of the commonly available non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Int J Clin Med. 2020;11(10):605-17.
DOI: 10.4236/ijcm.2020.1110051.
Han Y, Balkrishnan R, Hirth RA, Hutton DW, He K, Steffick DE, et al. Assessment of prescription analgesic use in older adults with and without chronic kidney disease and outcomes. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(9):e2016839. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16839, PMID 32997126.
De Broe ME, Elseviers MM. Over-the-counter analgesic use. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(10):2098-103.
DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2008101097, PMID 19423685.
Ulasi I. Gender bias in access to healthcare in Nigeria: a study of endstage renal disease. Trop Doct. 2008;38(1):50- 2.
DOI: 10.1258/td.2007.060160, PMID 18302871.
Chu T. Gender difference in pharmacokinetics. US Pharmacokinet. 2014;39(9):40-3.
Franconi F, Campesi I. Pharmacogenomics, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: interaction with biological differences between men and women. Br J Pharmacol. 2014; 171(3): 580-594.
DOI: 10.1111/bph.12362
Kovesdy CP, Furth SL, Zoccali C, World Kidney Day Steering Committee. Obesity and kidney disease hidden consequences of the epidemic. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2017;4:2054358117698669.
DOI: 10.1177/2054358117698669, PMID 28540059.
Hoy WE, Bertram JF, Hughson MD. Nephron hypertrophy and glomerulosclerosis in normal donor kidneys. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(11):1832-4.
DOI: 10.2215/CJN.08680814, PMID 25318755.
Vallon V, Thomson SC. Renal function in diabetic disease models: the tubular system in the pathophysiology of the diabetic kidney. Annu Rev Physiol. 2012;74:351-75.
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-020911-153333, PMID 22335797.
Pirkle JL, Freedman BI. Hypertension and chronic kidney disease: controversies in pathogenesis and treatment. Minerva Urol Nefrol. 2013;65(1):37-50. PMID 23538309.
Musemwa N, Gadegbeku CA. Hypertension in African Americans. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2017;19(12):129.
DOI: 10.1007/s11886-017-0933-z, PMID 29081008.
Maraboto C, Ferdinand KC. Update on hypertension in African-Americans. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;63(1):33-9.
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2019.12.002, PMID 31825799.
Firestein GSM, Budd RC, Gabriel RC, Mclnnes IB, O’Dell JR. Prostanoid biology and its therapeutic targeting. In: Crofford LJ kelly’s Textbbook of rheumatology. Philadelphia: Saunders. 2013;871-893. 9.
Jayasinghe K, White SM, Kerr PG, MacGregor D, Stark Z, Wilkins E et al. Isolated proteinuria due to CUBN homozygous mutation – challenging the investigative paradigm. BMC Nephrol. 2019;20(1):330.
DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1474-z, PMID 31438875.
Jiang L, Xu L, Song Y, Jianzhong L, Mao J, Zhao AZ et al. Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II/cAMP response element-binding protein/Wint/β-Cantenin signalling cascade regulates angiotensin II-induced podocytes injury and albuminuria. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(32):23368- 79.
Amira CO, Sokunbi DOB, Dolapo D, Sokunbi A. Prevalence of obesity, overweight and proteinuria in an urban community in South West Nigeria. Nig J. 2011;52(2):110-113143.
Mérida E, Praga M. NSAIDs and nephrotic syndrome. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019;14(9):1280-2.
DOI: 10.2215/CJN.08090719, PMID 31416889.
Vega J, Goecke H, Méndez GP, Guarda FJ. Nephrotic syndrome and acute tubular necrosis Due to meloxicam Use. Ren Fail. 2012;34(10):1344-7.
DOI: 10.3109/0886022X.2012.718953, PMID 22963504.
Ghosh R, Alajbegovic A, Gomes AV. NSAIDs and cardiovascular disease: Role of reactive oxygen species. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:536962.
DOI: 10.1155/2015/536962, PMID 26457127.
Mikolasevic I, Žutelija M, Mavrinac V, Orlic L. Dyslipidemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: etiology and management. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2017 Feb 7;10:35-45.
DOI: 10.2147/IJNRD.S101808, PMID 28223836.
Goldstein JL, Chan FKL, Lanas A, Wilcox CM, Peura D, Sands GH et al. Haemoglobin decrease in NSAIDs users over time: an analysis of two large outcome trials. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34(7):808-16.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04790.x, PMID 21810115.
Laras H, Haddoum F, Baghdali FY, Gagi N, Koceir EHA, Bitam A. Prevalence of malnutrition and absolute and functional iron deficiency anemia in nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis Algerian patients. Nephrol Ther. 2022; S1769;7255(22):00082- 7.
DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2022.03.001, PMID 35644772.
Uduagbamen PK, AdebolaYusuf AO, Ahmed SI, Thompson MU, Alalade BA, Ogunmola MI et al. Gender differences in chronic kidney disease. Findings from a two center study in Nigeria. Arch Pharm Pract. 2022;13(2):69-77.
DOI: 10.51847/EOLTIdNXtq.
Uduagbamen PK. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the kidneys in health and the risk of progression to kidney disease: A mini review. Clin Nephrol Res. 2021;5(5):1-3.
Hörl WH. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the kidneys. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2010;3(7):2291-321.
DOI: 10.3390/ph3072291, PMID 27713354.
Liu AC, Chang Y, Zuckerman JE, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Ghobry LM, Hanna RM. Ibuprofen-associated minimal change disease and acute interstitial nephritis with possibly linked membranous glomerulonephritis. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2021;9:2050313X211025145.
DOI: 10.1177/2050313X211025145, PMID 34221404.
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