Pathogenesis of Periodontitis: An Overview
Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research,
Page 113-122
DOI:
10.9734/jammr/2022/v34i2031476
Abstract
Periodontitis is the severe inflammation of the tissues surrounding and supporting the tooth like gingiva, alveolar bone, and periodontal ligament. Many studies have tried to explain the pathogenesis of periodontitis focusing in many parameters such as the roles of the host pathways, the molecular and genetic factors, the bacterial biofilm mass, and the patient’s susceptibility.
The main objective of this article is to review the most relevant and comprehensive models of the pathophysiology of periodontitis and emphasize factors including the presence of systemic conditions and genetic that play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of chronic and aggressive periodontitis.
Keywords:
- Pathogenesis
- periodontitis
- genetic factors
- systemic conditions
- host pathways
- molecular factors
- bacterial biofilm
How to Cite
KhalilW., AounG., JaffalM., NassifM., & KurbanM. (2022). Pathogenesis of Periodontitis: An Overview. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 34(20), 113-122. https://doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2022/v34i2031476
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Schaefer AS. Complementary experimental methods in genetics open up new avenues of research to elucidate the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2022;1373:209-227.
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Taba M Jr, Souza SL, Mariguela VC. Periodontal disease: a genetic perspective. Braz Oral Res. 2012;26 Suppl 1:32-38.
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Ullbro C, Crossner CG, Nederfors T, Alfadley A, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Dermatologic and oral findings in a cohort of 47 patients with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48(3):345-351.
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Lefèvre C, Blanchet-Bardon C, Jobard F, Bouadjar B, Stalder JF, Cure S, Hoffmann A, Prud'Homme JF, Fischer J. Novel point mutations, deletions, and polymorphisms in the cathepsin C gene in nine families from Europe and North Africa with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;117(6):1657-1661.
DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01595.x.
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105196.
Fine DH, Patil AG, Loos BG. Classification and diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45 Suppl 20:S95-S111.
DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12942.
Kinane DF, Stathopoulou PG, Papapanou PN. Periodontal diseases. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17038.
DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.38.
Page RC, Kornman KS. The pathogenesis of human periodontitis: an introduction. Periodontol 2000. 1997;14:9-11.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00189.x.
Meyle J, Chapple I. Molecular aspects of the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 2015;69(1):7-17.
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12104.
Grossi SG, Zambon JJ, Ho AW, Koch G, Dunford RG, Machtei EE, et al. Assessment of risk for periodontal disease. I. Risk indicators for attachment loss. J Periodontol. 1994;65(3):260-267.
DOI: 10.1902/jop.1994.65.3.260.
Yagnik K, Mahendra J. Micro-RNA – a formidable entrant in pathology of periodontal disease. Int J Recent Sci Res. 2018;9(5):26642–26646.
Walther K, Schulte LN. The role of lncRNAs in innate immunity and inflammation. RNA Biol. 2021;18(5):587-603.
DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1845505.
Charon J, Toto PD, Gargiulo AW. Activated macrophages in human periodontitis. J Periodontol. 1981;52(6): 328-335.
DOI: 10.1902/jop.1981.52.6.328.
Wilensky A, Segev H, Mizraji G, Shaul Y, Capucha T, Shacham M, et al. Dendritic cells and their role in periodontal disease. Oral Dis. 2014;20(2):119-126.
DOI: 10.1111/odi.12122.
Yamazaki K, Nakajima T, Aoyagi T, Hara K. Immunohistological analysis of memory T lymphocytes and activated B lymphocytes in tissues with periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res. 1993;28(5):324-334.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1993.tb01076.x.
Okui T, Aoki Y, Ito H, Honda T, Yamazaki K. The presence of IL-17+/FOXP3+ double-positive cells in periodontitis. J Dent Res. 2012;91(6):574-579.
DOI: 10.1177/0022034512446341.
Gao L, Zhao Y, Wang P, Zhang L, Zhang C, Chen Q, et al. Detection of Th17/Treg cells and related factors in gingival tissues and peripheral blood of rats with experimental periodontitis. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2017;20(3):294-300.
DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2017.8359.
Majumder P, Panda SK, Ghosh S, Dey SK. Interleukin gene polymorphisms in chronic periodontitis: A case-control study in the Indian population. Arch Oral Biol. 2019;101:156-164.
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.03.015.
Subbiah HV, Subbiah U, Ajith A, Polani RB. Role of neutrophils in periodontitis: A review. Vol. 10, Indian J Public Health Res Dev. 2019;10(12):956–961.
Hajishengallis G, Sahingur SE. Novel inflammatory pathways in periodontitis. Adv Dent Res. 2014;26(1):23-29.
DOI: 10.1177/0022034514526240.
Hajishengallis G, Darveau RP, Curtis MA. The keystone-pathogen hypothesis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012;10(10):717-725.
DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2873.
Ley K, Laudanna C, Cybulsky MI, Nourshargh S. Getting to the site of inflammation: the leukocyte adhesion cascade updated. Nat Rev Immunol. 2007;7(9):678-689.
DOI: 10.1038/nri2156.
Eskan MA, Jotwani R, Abe T, Chmelar J, Lim JH, Liang S, et al. The leukocyte integrin antagonist Del-1 inhibits IL-17-mediated inflammatory bone loss. Nat Immunol. 2012;13(5):465-473.
DOI: 10.1038/ni.2260.
Kolls JK, Lindén A. Interleukin-17 family members and inflammation. Immunity. 2004;21(4):467-476.
DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.08.018.
Hajishengallis E, Hajishengallis G. Neutrophil homeostasis and periodontal health in children and adults. J Dent Res. 2014;93(3):231-237.
DOI: 10.1177/0022034513507956.
Murakami S, Mealey BL, Mariotti A, Chapple ILC. Dental plaque-induced gingival conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45 Suppl 20:S17-S27.
DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12937.
De Nardo D, De Nardo CM, Nguyen T, Hamilton JA, Scholz GM. Signaling crosstalk during sequential TLR4 and TLR9 activation amplifies the inflammatory response of mouse macrophages. J Immunol. 2009;183(12):8110-8118.
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901031.
Loos BG, John RP, Laine ML. Identification of genetic risk factors for periodontitis and possible mechanisms of action. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32 Suppl 6:159-179.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00806.x.
Schaefer AS. Complementary experimental methods in genetics open up new avenues of research to elucidate the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2022;1373:209-227.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96881-6_11.
Taba M Jr, Souza SL, Mariguela VC. Periodontal disease: a genetic perspective. Braz Oral Res. 2012;26 Suppl 1:32-38.
DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242012000700006.
Ullbro C, Crossner CG, Nederfors T, Alfadley A, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Dermatologic and oral findings in a cohort of 47 patients with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48(3):345-351.
DOI: 10.1067/mjd.2003.197.
Lefèvre C, Blanchet-Bardon C, Jobard F, Bouadjar B, Stalder JF, Cure S, Hoffmann A, Prud'Homme JF, Fischer J. Novel point mutations, deletions, and polymorphisms in the cathepsin C gene in nine families from Europe and North Africa with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;117(6):1657-1661.
DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01595.x.
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