Prevalence of Depression and Its Associated Factors among Diabetes Mellitus Patients in an Urban Primary Care Clinic
Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research,
Page 100-106
DOI:
10.9734/jammr/2021/v33i1330960
Abstract
Aims: To determine the prevalence of depression among patients with Diabetes Mellitus and to identify its associated risk factors.
Study design: This is a cross sectional study.
Place of study: This study was conducted in an urban primary care clinic in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia.
Methodology: This study utilized a self-administered questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS-D) for the data collection. A total of 358 respondents were eligible to be included in this study.
Results: A total of 382 respondents were recruited in this study using universal sampling method. A total number of 358 eligible respondents were included in the final data analysis. The response rate for this study was 94%. Respondents’ mean age was 60.8 years ± 10.3, 56% females, 38% Malays, 76% were married, 37.7% had Diabetes for more than 5 years and 76.3% had completed secondary school education. This study concluded that 63.7% of participants had poor diabetes control and 26% had probable depression. On multiple logistic regression, respondents who earned income less than RM 500 per month were 2.6 times more likely to have probable depression (aOR: 2.64, 95% CI:1.29 -5.43). Patients who received no formal education were 4.5 times more likely to have probable depression (aOR: 4.51 95% CI:1.74-11.63). Respondents with co-morbid illness were almost 3 times more likely to have probable depression (aOR: 2.92, 95% CI: 0.1-0.8).
Conclusion: Prevalence of probable depression was high and there was a significant association between depression with income, education level and co-morbid illness. Thus, there is a need to identify and manage depression accordingly among diabetic patients.
Keywords:
- Depression
- diabetes
- screening
- primary care
- Malaysia
How to Cite
References
Agbir TM., Depression among medical outpatients with diabetes: A cross-sectional study at Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria. Annals of African medicine, 2010;9(1):5-10.
Patrick J, Lustman RJA, Kenneth E. Freedland, et al, Depression and poor glycaemic control. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:934–942.
Mary de Grooot RA, Kenneth E Freedland, Association of depression and diabetes complications. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2001(63)::619-630.
Zigmond AS, Snaith* RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1983;67(6):361-370.
Abiodun OA. A validity study of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in general hospital units and a community sample in Nigeria. BJ Pscych, 1994;165(5): p. 669-72.
El-Rufaie OEAG. Validity study of the hospital anxiety and depression scale among a group of saudi patients. BJ Pscych. 1987;151:687-688.
Wilkinson MJB, RB, Psychiatric screening in general practice. Journal of the royal college of General Practitioners. 1988;38:311-313.
Bjelland IDA, Haug TT, Neckelmann D. The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. An updated literature review. J Psychosom Res. 2002;52(2): 69-77.
Reddy P, PB, Ford D, Dunbar JA., Identification of depression in diabetes: The efficacy of PHQ-9 and HADS-D. Br J Gen Pract. 2010;60(575):e239- 45.
Lloyd CE, DP, Barnett AH. Prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in a diabetes clinic population. Diabet Med. 2000;17(3):198-202.
Ryan J. Anderson KEF, Ray E. Clouse et al, The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1069–1078.
Mamta VR Kumar, Sherina M Sidik, Lekhraj Rampal, et al. Prevalence and predictors of depression among oncology patients receiving chemotherapy in government hospitals in Peninsular Malaysia, Mal J Med Health Sci. 2019;15(2):22-31.
Grandinetti AKJ, Crabbe KM, Kenui CK, Chen R, Chang HK., Relationship between depressive symptoms and diabetes among native Hawaiians. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2000;25(3):239-46.
Pouwer FG-DP, Tack CJ, Bazelmans E, Beekman AJ, Heine RJ, Snoek FJ. Prevalence of comorbid depression is high in out-patients with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results from three out-patient clinics in the Netherlands. Diabet Med. 2010;27(2):217-24.
Lloyd CE, PHD, Barnett AH. Prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in a DM population. British Diabetic Association. 2000;17:198-202.
Andrew Grandinetti, JKaK., Kamana'opono M. Crabbe, relationship between depressive symptoms and diabetes among native Hawaiians. Psychoneurology. 2000;25:239-246.
Kaur G, Tee GH, Suthahar A, et al. Depression, anxiety and stress symptoms among diabetics in Malaysia: a cross sectional study in an urban primary care setting. 2013;14:69
Yu R, Y-HL. Hong L. Depression in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2010;30(2):102-4.
Asghar S, HA, Ali SM, Khan AK, Magnusson A., Prevalence of depression and diabetes: A population-based study from rural Bangladesh. Diabet Med. 2007;24(8):872-7.
Epub 2007 Apr 2.
Wayne Katon JR, Elizabeth HB, Lin, et al, Diabetes and poor disease control: Is comorbid depression associated with poor medication adherence or lack of treatment intensification. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2009;71(9):965-972.
Ludman EJ, KW, Russo J, et al, Depression and diabetes symptom burden. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004;26:430-436.
Chaoyang Li, ESF, Md, Tara W. Strine, et al, Prevalence of depression among U.S. adults With diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:105-107.
Anderson RJ, FK, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(6):1069-78.
Gregory A. Nichols JBB. Unadjusted and adjusted prevalence of diagnosed depression in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:744-749.
Fisher L, CC, Mullan JT, Skaff MM, Kanter RA. Contributors to depression in Latino and European-American patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(10):1751-7.
Fortmann AL, GL, Walker C, Philis-Tsimikas A. Support for disease management, depression, self-care, and clinical indicators among Hispanics with type 2 diabetes in San Diego County, United States of America. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2010;28(3):230- 4.
-
Abstract View: 565 times
PDF Download: 231 times