Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Candida Colonization among Pregnant Women in a District Hospital in Eastern Uganda
Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research,
Page 1-10
DOI:
10.9734/jammr/2019/v29i1030130
Abstract
Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common reason for which antimicrobials are prescribed in pregnancy Worldwide. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria, Candida colonization and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among pregnant women attending antenatal in a District Hospital in Eastern Uganda.
Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in which pregnant mothers who had come for routine antenatal care were counseled and their consents obtained before taking off urine samples for laboratory diagnosis. For those samples found to have pus cells, culture and sensitivity test was done to identify the organisms and determine susceptibility to particular antibiotics and antifungal agents.
Results: Gram negative isolates were more sensitive to meropenem (100%), and ciprofloxacin (93.8%) but less sensitive to trimethoprim/sulphurmethoxazole (20%), Ceftazidime (7%), and Cefepime (6%). Gram positive isolates were more sensitive to vancomycin (100%), meropenem (87%) and linezolid (88.1%) but less sensitive to Cefotaxime (31%) and Trimethoprim / sulphurmethoxazole (14%). All bacteria isolated in this study were multi-drug resistant (MDR). All Candida isolates were susceptible to Econazole and Nystatin whereas all isolates were resistant to Griseofulvin.
Conclusion: The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women in Butaleja district is high with many of the bacteria isolated exhibiting resistance to the commonly used antibiotics. Antifungal resistance was common in this study.
Keywords:
- Asymptomatic bacteriuria
- antimicrobial resistance
- UTI
- pregnant women
How to Cite
FredrickB., ShadrackM., ProssyN., IsmailO., SamI., MirembeN., JuliusN., NekakaR., & StanleyI. (2019). Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Candida Colonization among Pregnant Women in a District Hospital in Eastern Uganda. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 29(10), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2019/v29i1030130
References
August SL, De Rosa MJ. Evaluation of the prevalence of urinary tract infection in rural Panamanian women. PloS One. 2012; 7(10):e47752.
Prakash DS, R.S. Distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens causing urinary tract infection in urban community of meerut city, India. ISRN Microbiology. 2013; 749629.
Dielubanza EJ, Schaeffer AJ. Urinary tract infections in women. Medical Clinics of North America. 2011;95(1):27–41.
Al-Shaikh AA-BG. Urinary tract infections in women. Sultan Qaboo University Medical Journal. 2013;13(3):359–67.
Gilbert NM, O'Brien VP, Hultgren S, Macones G, Lewis WG, Lewis AL. Urinary tract infection as a preventable cause of pregnancy complications: Opportunities, challenges, and a global call to action. Global Advances in Health and Medicine. 2013;2(5):59-69.
Hamdan HZ, Ziad AH, Ali SK, Adam I. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections and antibiotics sensitivity among pregnant women at Khartoum North Hospital. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 2011;10(2).
Andabati G, Byamugisha J. Microbial aetiology and sensitivity of asymptomatic bacteriuria among ante-natal mothers in Mulago hospital, Uganda. African Health Sciences. 2010;10(4):349–52.
Najjuka CF, Kateete DP, Kajumbula HM, Joloba ML, Essack SY. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from outpatients in urban and rural districts of Uganda. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9(235).
Iramiot J. Stanley, FB, Herbert Itabangi, Martha Nakaye, Mwambi Bashir, Joel Bazira. Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Western Uganda. British Microbiology Research Journal. 2014;4(10):1168-77.
Iramiot Jacob Stanley, HK, Joel Bazira, Catherine Kansiime, Innocent B. Rwego, Benon B. Asiimwe. Multidrug resistance among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae carried in the gut of out-patients from pastoralist communities of Kasese district, Uganda. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(7).
Institute CaLS. M100-S25 Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 2014.
Masinde A, BG, Kilonzo A, Mshana SE. Prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Health Research. 2009;11(3).
Ayoyi AO, Kikuvi G, Bii C, Kariuki S. Prevalence, aetiology and antibiotic sensitivity profile of asymptomatic bacteriuria isolates from pregnant women in selected antenatal clinic from Nairobi, Kenya. The Pan African Medical Journal. 2017;26(41).
Labi AK, Yawson AE, Ganyaglo GY, Newman MJ. Prevalence and associated risk factors of asymptomatic bacteriuria in ante-natal clients in a large teaching hospital in Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal. 2015;49(3):154–8.
Mokube MN, Atashili J, Halle-Ekane GE, Ikomey GM, Ndumbe PM. Bacteriuria amongst pregnant women in the Buea Health District, Cameroon: Prevalence, predictors, antibiotic susceptibility patterns and diagnosis. PloS One. 2013;8(8).
Oli A, OC, Ibezim E, Akujiobi C, Onwunzp M. The prevalence and bacteriology of asymptomatic bacteriuria among antenatal patients in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi; South Eastern Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pr. 2010;13(4):409–12.
Imade PE, IP, Eghafona NO, Enabulele OI, Ophori E. Asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women. North Am J Med Sci. 2010;2:263-66.
Okonko IO, D-E OB, Ijandipe LA, Ogun AA, Adedeji AO, Udeze AO. Antibiotics sensitivity and resistance patterns of uropathogens to nitrofurantoin and nalidixic acid in pregnant women with Urinary Tract Infections in Ibadan, Nigeria. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 2009;4(2):105–9.
Onu FA AL, Ezeonu PO, Umeora OUJ, Ibekwe PC, Ajah MI. Profile and microbiological isolates of asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Infect Drug Resist. 2015;8:231–5.
Beyene G, Tsegaye W. Bacterial uropathogens in urinary tract infection and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences. 2011;21(2):141–6.
Çelen Ş. OA, Karayalçin R, Saygan S, Ünlü S, Polat B, et al. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and antibacterial susceptibility patterns in an obstetric population. Isrn Obstet Gynecol. 2010;1(4).
Hamdan ZH AH, Salah KA, Ishag A. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections antibioticssensitivity among pregnant women at Khartoum North Hospital. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2011; 102.
Oli A, OC, Ibezim E, Akujiobi C, Onwunzp M. The prevalence and bacteriology of asymptomatic bacteriuria among antenatal patients in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi. South Eastern Nigeria Niger J Clin Pr. 2010;13(4):409–12.
Akoachere JF, YS, Akum NH, Seraphine EN. Etiologic profile and antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired urinary tract infection in two Cameroonian towns. BMC Res Notes; 2012.
Ali IE, Gebrecherkos T, Gizachew M, Menberu MA. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates among pregnant women attending Dessie referral hospital, Northeast Ethiopia: A hospital-based cross-sectional study. Turkish Journal of Urology. 2018;44(3):251–60.
Amadi ES EO, Uneke CJ, Nwosu OK, Onyeagba RA, Ugbogu OC. Asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria. J Med Sci 2007;7:698–700.
2Alemu AM, Feleke Shiferaw, Yitayal Tafess, Ketema Kassu, Afework Anagaw, Belay Agegn, Abebe. Bacterial profile and drug susceptibility pattern of urinary tract infection in pregnant women at University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes. 2012; 5(1):197.
Rizvi Mea. Rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract infections during pregnancy: Necessity for exploring newer treatment options. Journal of Laboratory Physicians. 2011;3(2):98–103.
Kashef N, Djavid GE, Shahbazi S. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of community-acquired uropathogens in Tehran, Iran. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 2010;4(4):202–6.
Moyo SJ, AS, Kasubi M, Maselle SY. Bacterial isolates and drug susceptibility patterns of urinary tract infection among pregnant women at Muhimbili National Hospital in Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 2010;12(4):236–40.
Mukasa KJ, Herbert I, Daniel A, Sserunkuma KL, Joel B, Frederick B. Antifungal susceptibility patterns of vulvovaginal Candida species among women attending antenatal clinic at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, South Western Uganda. British Microbiology Research Journal. 2014;5(4): 322–31.
Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Progress in antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida spp. by use of clinical and laboratory standards institute broth microdilution methods, 2010 to 2012. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2012;50 (9):2846–56.
García HM GS, Copolillo EF, Cora EM, Barata AD, Vay CA, et al. Prevalence of vaginal candidiasis in pregnant women. Identification of yeasts and susceptibility to antifungal agents. Revista Argentina de Microbiología. 2006;38(1):9-12.
Prakash DS, R.S. Distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens causing urinary tract infection in urban community of meerut city, India. ISRN Microbiology. 2013; 749629.
Dielubanza EJ, Schaeffer AJ. Urinary tract infections in women. Medical Clinics of North America. 2011;95(1):27–41.
Al-Shaikh AA-BG. Urinary tract infections in women. Sultan Qaboo University Medical Journal. 2013;13(3):359–67.
Gilbert NM, O'Brien VP, Hultgren S, Macones G, Lewis WG, Lewis AL. Urinary tract infection as a preventable cause of pregnancy complications: Opportunities, challenges, and a global call to action. Global Advances in Health and Medicine. 2013;2(5):59-69.
Hamdan HZ, Ziad AH, Ali SK, Adam I. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections and antibiotics sensitivity among pregnant women at Khartoum North Hospital. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 2011;10(2).
Andabati G, Byamugisha J. Microbial aetiology and sensitivity of asymptomatic bacteriuria among ante-natal mothers in Mulago hospital, Uganda. African Health Sciences. 2010;10(4):349–52.
Najjuka CF, Kateete DP, Kajumbula HM, Joloba ML, Essack SY. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from outpatients in urban and rural districts of Uganda. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9(235).
Iramiot J. Stanley, FB, Herbert Itabangi, Martha Nakaye, Mwambi Bashir, Joel Bazira. Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Western Uganda. British Microbiology Research Journal. 2014;4(10):1168-77.
Iramiot Jacob Stanley, HK, Joel Bazira, Catherine Kansiime, Innocent B. Rwego, Benon B. Asiimwe. Multidrug resistance among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae carried in the gut of out-patients from pastoralist communities of Kasese district, Uganda. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(7).
Institute CaLS. M100-S25 Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 2014.
Masinde A, BG, Kilonzo A, Mshana SE. Prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Health Research. 2009;11(3).
Ayoyi AO, Kikuvi G, Bii C, Kariuki S. Prevalence, aetiology and antibiotic sensitivity profile of asymptomatic bacteriuria isolates from pregnant women in selected antenatal clinic from Nairobi, Kenya. The Pan African Medical Journal. 2017;26(41).
Labi AK, Yawson AE, Ganyaglo GY, Newman MJ. Prevalence and associated risk factors of asymptomatic bacteriuria in ante-natal clients in a large teaching hospital in Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal. 2015;49(3):154–8.
Mokube MN, Atashili J, Halle-Ekane GE, Ikomey GM, Ndumbe PM. Bacteriuria amongst pregnant women in the Buea Health District, Cameroon: Prevalence, predictors, antibiotic susceptibility patterns and diagnosis. PloS One. 2013;8(8).
Oli A, OC, Ibezim E, Akujiobi C, Onwunzp M. The prevalence and bacteriology of asymptomatic bacteriuria among antenatal patients in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi; South Eastern Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pr. 2010;13(4):409–12.
Imade PE, IP, Eghafona NO, Enabulele OI, Ophori E. Asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women. North Am J Med Sci. 2010;2:263-66.
Okonko IO, D-E OB, Ijandipe LA, Ogun AA, Adedeji AO, Udeze AO. Antibiotics sensitivity and resistance patterns of uropathogens to nitrofurantoin and nalidixic acid in pregnant women with Urinary Tract Infections in Ibadan, Nigeria. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 2009;4(2):105–9.
Onu FA AL, Ezeonu PO, Umeora OUJ, Ibekwe PC, Ajah MI. Profile and microbiological isolates of asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Infect Drug Resist. 2015;8:231–5.
Beyene G, Tsegaye W. Bacterial uropathogens in urinary tract infection and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences. 2011;21(2):141–6.
Çelen Ş. OA, Karayalçin R, Saygan S, Ünlü S, Polat B, et al. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and antibacterial susceptibility patterns in an obstetric population. Isrn Obstet Gynecol. 2010;1(4).
Hamdan ZH AH, Salah KA, Ishag A. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections antibioticssensitivity among pregnant women at Khartoum North Hospital. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2011; 102.
Oli A, OC, Ibezim E, Akujiobi C, Onwunzp M. The prevalence and bacteriology of asymptomatic bacteriuria among antenatal patients in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi. South Eastern Nigeria Niger J Clin Pr. 2010;13(4):409–12.
Akoachere JF, YS, Akum NH, Seraphine EN. Etiologic profile and antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired urinary tract infection in two Cameroonian towns. BMC Res Notes; 2012.
Ali IE, Gebrecherkos T, Gizachew M, Menberu MA. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates among pregnant women attending Dessie referral hospital, Northeast Ethiopia: A hospital-based cross-sectional study. Turkish Journal of Urology. 2018;44(3):251–60.
Amadi ES EO, Uneke CJ, Nwosu OK, Onyeagba RA, Ugbogu OC. Asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria. J Med Sci 2007;7:698–700.
2Alemu AM, Feleke Shiferaw, Yitayal Tafess, Ketema Kassu, Afework Anagaw, Belay Agegn, Abebe. Bacterial profile and drug susceptibility pattern of urinary tract infection in pregnant women at University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes. 2012; 5(1):197.
Rizvi Mea. Rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract infections during pregnancy: Necessity for exploring newer treatment options. Journal of Laboratory Physicians. 2011;3(2):98–103.
Kashef N, Djavid GE, Shahbazi S. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of community-acquired uropathogens in Tehran, Iran. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 2010;4(4):202–6.
Moyo SJ, AS, Kasubi M, Maselle SY. Bacterial isolates and drug susceptibility patterns of urinary tract infection among pregnant women at Muhimbili National Hospital in Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 2010;12(4):236–40.
Mukasa KJ, Herbert I, Daniel A, Sserunkuma KL, Joel B, Frederick B. Antifungal susceptibility patterns of vulvovaginal Candida species among women attending antenatal clinic at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, South Western Uganda. British Microbiology Research Journal. 2014;5(4): 322–31.
Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Progress in antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida spp. by use of clinical and laboratory standards institute broth microdilution methods, 2010 to 2012. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2012;50 (9):2846–56.
García HM GS, Copolillo EF, Cora EM, Barata AD, Vay CA, et al. Prevalence of vaginal candidiasis in pregnant women. Identification of yeasts and susceptibility to antifungal agents. Revista Argentina de Microbiología. 2006;38(1):9-12.
-
Abstract View: 2020 times
PDF Download: 725 times
Download Statistics
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
