Diagnostic Value of Coronary Artery Calcium Score for Cardiovascular Disease in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study
Jung Hye Sung *
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
Joseph Yeboah
Department of Internal Medicine / Cardiology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
Jae Eun Lee
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA and Research Centers in Minority Institutions Translational Research Network Data Coordinating Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
Che L. Smith
DARE Global Innovations, Washington DC, USA
James G. Terry
Department of Radiology and Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Mario Sims
University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
Tandaw Samdarshi
University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
Solomon Musani
University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
Ervin Fox
University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
Yaorong Ge
Department of Software and Information Systems, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
James G. Wilson
University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
Herman A. Taylor
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Jeffery Carr
Department of Radiology and Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: The role of coronary artery calcium (CAC) as a screening tool for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in African Americans (AAs) is unclear. We compared the diagnostic accuracy for CVD prevalence using the CAC score and the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) in an adult population of AAs.
Methods: CAC was measured in 2944 participants AAs. Approximately 8% of this cohort had known CVD defined as prior myocardial infarction, stroke, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting and peripheral artery disease. Logistic regression, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and net reclassification index (NRI) analysis were used adjusting for age, gender, systolic blood pressure (SBP), total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, smoking status, diabetes mellitus (DM), body mass index (BMI), blood pressure medication and statin use. Participants with prevalent clinical CVD and DM were classified as high FRS risk.
Results: The mean age of participants was 60 years, 65% were females, 26% had DM, 50% were obese and 30% were current or former smokers. Prevalent CVD was associated with older age, higher SBP, lower HDL and total cholesterol, and higher CAC. The prevalence of CAC was 83% in participants with prevalent CVD and 45% in those without CVD. CAC was independently associated with prevalent CVD in our multivariable model [OR (95% CI): 1.22 (1.12 -1.32), p< 0.0001]. In ROC analysis, CAC improved the diagnostic accuracy (c statistic) of the FRS from 0.617 to 0.757 (p < 0.0001) for prevalent CVD. Addition of CAC to FRS resulted in net reclassification improvement of 4% for subjects with known CVD and 28.5% in those without CVD.
Conclusion: In AAs, CAC is independently associated with prevalent CVD and improves the diagnostic accuracy of FRS for prevalent CVD by 14%. Addition of CAC improves the NRI of those with prevalent CVD by 4% and the NRI of individuals without CVD by 28.5%. Determination of CAC may be useful in CVD risk stratification in AAs.
Keywords: Coronary artery calcium, cardiovascular disease, African Americans